Manuscript Preparation

A well-organised manuscript helps editors and reviewers assess the work efficiently. Research articles should normally include the elements below; review articles may adapt the structure to suit their content (see Article Types).

Title

A concise and informative title that accurately reflects the content of the work.

Author information

The names, affiliations and email addresses of all authors are entered in the submission form on the journal website. Please make sure these details are complete and accurate for every author.

Abstract

A self-contained summary of the purpose, methods, main results and conclusions of the work. The abstract should be understandable on its own, without reference to the main text.

Keywords

A few keywords that reflect the main topics of the manuscript.

Main text

Research articles are usually organised as follows:

Introduction: the research problem, relevant background and the objectives of the study.
Methods: the materials, models, algorithms, tools or experimental setup, described in enough detail for others to reproduce the work.
Results: the findings, presented clearly and supported by tables and figures where appropriate.
Discussion: interpretation of the results, comparison with previous work and the limitations of the study.
Conclusion: the main contributions and possible directions for future work.

Tables, figures and equations

Number tables and figures consecutively, give each a clear caption and refer to each one in the text. Figures should be clear and legible. Number any equation that is referred to in the text.

Acknowledgements and declarations

Acknowledge sources of funding and any assistance from people who do not meet the criteria for authorship. Declare any conflicts of interest, and disclose any use of AI tools as required by the AI Policy.

References

Cite every source used in the work. Each in-text citation must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text. Use one consistent referencing style throughout, and check every reference for accuracy and completeness. See also the Citation Policy.